Abstract: Objective: Failure to "make weight" carries significant consequences for military personnel including additional training burdens, stigma, possible demotion, or even separation from service. The aim of this study was to examine potential gender differences in, and investigate relationships between, military making weight behavior and obesity, eating pathology, and mental health later in life. Method: Iraq and Afghanistan war era Veterans (N = 1,126, 51.8% women) completed the Making Weight Inventory (MWI), a measure of making weight behaviors engaged in during military service, and validated measures of eating behavior and mental health. Analyses compared participants who engaged in at least one making weight behavior (MWI+) versus those who did not (MWI-). Results: Overall, 41% (n = 462) of the sample was categorized as MWI+. The most frequently endorsed making weight behavior was excessive exercise (35.7%). Among those who were MWI+, there was a significantly greater proportion of women (58.2% versus 47.3%, p < 0.001). The MWI+ group had higher rates of obesity (52.4% versus 26.2%) and had significantly higher levels of dietary restraint, emotional eating, food addiction, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder than the MWI- group (p's < 0.001). Conclusions: Military making weight behavior was associated with female gender, higher weight, eating pathology, and mental health later in life. Collectively, these findings suggest these factors may place female service members at a disadvantage for career advancement and salary. Efforts to better understand and address extreme making weight efforts in military populations, particularly in female service members and Veterans, are warranted.