Hope and despair: Life outlook as a predictor of loneliness among Veterans

Abstract: Optimism and pessimism are psychological constructs that reflect individuals’ generalized expectations for future outcomes, often manifesting as positive or negative anticipations of outcomes across diverse life scenarios. The study of optimism and pessimism among veterans is particularly pressing due to the distinctive challenges and experiences they face both during and after military service. Using a sample of veterans in the United States ( n=1,495), this study examined predictors of loneliness among veterans, focusing on the role of life outlook (optimism versus pessimism) on their post-military well-being. Overall, results from multiple regression analyses showed that respondents who displayed higher levels of optimism exhibited lower levels of loneliness ( B=−0.017, p<0.001), whereas higher levels of pessimism were associated with higher levels of loneliness ( B=0.021, p<0.001). Furthermore, respondents who placed a high value on serving others and experienced higher levels of guilt reported higher levels of loneliness. Additionally, respondents’ levels of pessimism were linked to how their guilt levels influenced their levels of loneliness, underscoring the complexity of these relationships in shaping loneliness. In the realm of mental health, respondents who reported negative emotions, substance misuse, and suicidal thoughts experienced higher levels of loneliness than those who did not, but these effect sizes were attenuated when accounting for their levels of optimism and pessimism, suggesting that optimism and pessimism cannot be understood as a simple construct along a single continuum. Furthermore, respondents’ levels of satisfaction with their living conditions were negatively linked to their levels of loneliness. When their sociodemographics were considered, Black, Hispanic, and married respondents were less lonely than their White and unmarried counterparts, respectively. Understanding the risk and protective factors shaping veterans’ health ecologies is critical to informing effective health promotion initiatives and improving practice outcomes.

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